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How to deal with oxidation, antioxidant manufacturers can tell you

2019-09-20

抗氧剂厂家

There is a paradox about the metabolism of organisms. Although most living things on Earth need oxygen to survive, oxygen is also a highly reactive molecule that can destroy organisms by producing reactive oxygen species. So the organism has built up a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that protect important cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage through antioxidant intermediates and synergistic interactions between products and enzymes. Antioxidant systems generally achieve antioxidant effects in two ways: by blocking the production of reactive oxygen species, and by removing these active substances before they cause damage to important components of cells. However, these reactive oxygen species also have important cellular functions, such as acting as REDOX signaling molecules in biochemical reactions. So the role of the antioxidant system in an organism is not to remove all the oxidizing substances completely, but to keep them at an appropriate level.




Reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (O2). Hydroxyl radicals are particularly unstable and react quickly with most biomolecules without specificity. These species are mainly produced by metal-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide reduction (such as the Fenton reaction). These oxidants destroy cells by initiating chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, or by oxidizing DNA and proteins. Damaged DNA, if not repaired, can lead to mutations and cancer. The damage to the protein will inhibit the activity of the enzyme, degeneration or degradation of the protein.




The process of energy production in human metabolism requires the consumption of oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species. In this process, several steps in the electron transport chain can produce superoxide anions as a by-product. Of particular importance is that coenzyme Q in complex III becomes a highly active free radical intermediate (Q·) during reduction. Such unstable intermediates cause electron "leakage" (loss of electrons). The "leakage" electrons jump out of the normal electron transport chain and directly reduce oxygen molecules to superoxide anions. Peroxide can also by the square one flavoprotein such as complex Ⅰ oxidation to produce. However, although these enzymes produce oxidants, it is not clear whether the electron transport chain is more important than other biochemical processes that also produce peroxides. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria in the process of photosynthesis, especially under high intensity of irradiation, also can produce reactive oxygen species, but carotenoids as protectant to absorb excessive glare of light protect cells, algae, and cyanobacteria contains large amounts of iodine and selenium can offset the high oxidative damage caused by irradiation intensity of cells, the antioxidant manufacturers can also be used as an antioxidant carotenoids, iodine and selenium by and by excessive reduction of photosynthetic reaction center, avoid the generation of reactive oxygen species.


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